Best Rootstock Examples for the DREVO Project

TODREVO catalog of grafted trees and shrubs

Author: Oleksandr Rud

@sssvetomir

Preamble:

Whether you are a researcher, a farmer, an engineer, a leader, a statesman, or simply someone who cares about the fate of our planet, this book offers knowledge, inspiration, and practical tools.to transform degraded areas into vibrant, sustainable ecosystems.

The best examples of rootstocks for the DREVO project

For sustainable forest gardens, nurseries and land restoration

1. The main principle of selection

The best rootstock is not the most productive or the most modern, but the one that meets:

climate of a specific zone;

soil type;

depth of the root layer;

water regime;

degree of restoration of the territory;

the expected lifespan of the tree;

level of available care;

the purpose of the natural zone.

For the DREVO project, rootstocks should be divided into four main classes:

The 150-year program should be based onseed and vigorous rootstocks, and compact clonal forms should be used primarily in intensively managed areas.

2. Apple tree

2.1. Antonovka - seed rootstock

Most suitable application

long-lasting apple zones;

traditional forest gardens;

cold areas;

areas with limited care;

creation of large, stable trees;

preservation of old varieties.

Advantages

strong growth;

powerful root system;

good fixation;

high potential durability;

genetic diversity;

ability to form a large tree;

suitability for rare and historical varieties.

Restrictions

uneven tree sizes;

late entry into full fruiting;

difficulty of harvesting;

the need for a large space;

the properties of individual seedlings vary.

Role in the project

One of the main options for mother, heirloom and long-lived apple trees.

Project code:

L-Apple-01 is a seed rootstock of the Antonovka type.

2.2. Bittenfeld seedling

A German seed rootstock, particularly interesting for Switzerland and Central Europe.

Application

large traditional apple trees;

meadow gardens;

forest-garden outskirts;

standard forms;

areas with low maintenance.

Advantages

strong growth;

stable fixation;

suitable for large trees;

good integration into traditional European landscapes;

genetic diversity.

Meaning for DREVO

It would be advisable to test Bittenfelder in parallel with Antonovka as it is a regionally closer seed base.

Code:

L-Apple-02 — Bittenfelder seedling.

2.3. M.111 / MM.111

One of the best candidates for hardy but manageable apple trees.

Advantages

forms a medium- or vigorous tree;

adheres relatively well;

suitable for less intensive systems;

able to tolerate limited moisture better than many dwarf rootstocks;

does not require such constant support as weak dwarf rootstocks.

Application

the main productive zones of the forest garden;

dry areas;

farm gardens;

trees that must remain a reasonable size but remain stable.

Restrictions

the tree still turns out to be quite large;

In fertile, moist soil, growth may be excessive;

control of root growth and grafting depth is required.

Code:

A-Apple-03 — MM.111.

2.4. Budagovsky 118 — B.118

Suitable for cool conditions and large, hardy apple trees.

Advantages

good winter hardiness;

strong or semi-strong growth;

good fixation;

suitability for sites where dwarf rootstock is too vulnerable;

comparatively early fruiting for a vigorous system.

Application

cold valleys;

elevated areas;

reserve gardens;

mother trees;

areas at risk of severe winter frosts.

Code:

A-Apple-04 — B.118.

2.5. M.7

Medium sized rootstock for more manageable areas.

Suitable for

small forest gardens;

community gardens;

areas where tree height should be limited;

varietal collections.

Restrictions

tendency to form shoots;

in certain conditions the tree may require support;

less suitable for dry, poorly managed areas than vigorous rootstocks.

Code:

P-Apple-05 — M.7.

2.6. Geneva G.890 and G.969

It would be appropriate to include modern Geneva series rootstocks in the project's test zones.

They are interesting due to their combination:

controlled growth force;

productivity;

resistance to a number of diseases;

better anchorage than some traditional dwarfing rootstocks.

However, new combinations need to be tested in local climates and on specific varieties before being used on a large scale.

Code:

E-Apple-06 — G.890

E-Apple-07 — G.969

2.7. M.9 и M.26

These rootstocks are not suitable for the main natural system, but for compact intensive zones.

Application

demonstration gardens;

areas accessible to people with limited mobility;

nurseries;

small urban spaces;

variety testing collections;

manual collection zones.

Restrictions

Such trees are usually more dependent on:

supports;

watering;

fertility;

regular care;

crop load control.

Therefore, they should not form the basis of a 150-year forest garden.

Code:

P-Apple-08 — M.26

P-Apple-09 — M.9

3. Pear

3.1. Pyrus communis seedlings

The most suitable foundation for long-lived pear trees.

Advantages

strong growth;

deep or widely developed root system;

durability;

stable fixation;

suitability for large forest gardens;

good compatibility with most European pears.

Application

long-lived pear zones;

traditional tall-stemmed trees;

forest-steppe areas;

mother trees;

old local varieties.

Code:

L-Pear-01 — Pyrus communis seedling.

3.2. OHxF 97

A vigorous rootstock that produces a large tree with a good root system and anchorage. It is distinguished by its winter hardiness and resistance to fire blight; it is also used for Asian pears.

Role in the project

long-lived productive pears;

cold territories;

areas with strong winds;

main mother trees;

areas where stability is more important than compactness.

Code:

L-Pear-02 — OHxF 97.

3.3. OHxF 87

It forms a more compact, semi-dwarf tree compared to OHxF 97, begins bearing fruit earlier, and demonstrates high productivity. OHxF series rootstocks are compatible with many pear varieties and are known for their resistance to fire blight and pear blight.

Application

main productive zones;

small forest gardens;

variety testing;

controlled care areas.

Code:

A-Pear-03 — OHxF 87.

3.4. Quince BA29

BA29 is used to produce more compact and early-bearing pear trees.

Suitable for

fertile protected areas;

small gardens;

manual collection areas;

demonstration zones.

Restrictions

Not all pear varieties are compatible with quince;

sometimes an intermediate insert is necessary;

Problems may occur in cold, dry or calcareous soils;

Longevity is usually lower than that of pear on a strong seed rootstock.

Studies of individual combinations have shown good results for OHxF 87 and BA29, but the choice still depends on the variety and site conditions.

Code:

P-Pear-04 — Quince BA29.

3.5. Quince C and Quince A

Used for compact trees.

They are only suitable for:

intensive areas;

fertile soil;

regular watering;

protected places;

varieties with confirmed compatibility.

For a large-scale restoration program, these rootstocks should remain secondary.

4. Plum, apricot, peach and almond

Stone fruits are particularly susceptible to incompatibility, overwatering, nematodes, and root diseases. A single rootstock cannot be recommended for all sites.

4.1. Myrobalan — Prunus cerasifera

One of the most versatile, vigorous rootstocks for plum.

Advantages

strong growth;

wide compatibility with many plums;

adaptability to different soils;

good base for large trees;

the possibility of using local cherry plum seedlings.

Application

durable plum zones;

areas with heterogeneous soil;

traditional forest gardens;

formation of mother trees.

Restrictions

root shoots are possible;

Compatibility with apricot and peach should be checked separately;

the seedlings are not uniform.

Code:

L-Plum-01 — Myrobalan seedling.

4.2. Myrobalan 29C

A clonal version of cherry plum for more uniform plantings.

Application

plum;

individual hybrid stone fruits;

production zones;

areas where a strong but more predictable tree is needed.

Code:

A-Plum-02 — Myrobalan 29C.

4.3. Saint Julien A

Semi-vigorous plum rootstock.

Suitable for

plum;

some apricots;

individual peach combinations;

temperate climate;

areas where the tree should be smaller than on the cherry plum seedling.

Code:

A-Stone-03 — St. Julien A.

4.4. Crimea 86

A very promising rootstock for DREVO test areas.

Krymsk 86 is a hybrid of cherry plum and peach and is used for plum, peach, apricot and almond.

It is considered a semi-vigorous rootstock, capable of tolerating both dry conditions and wetter soils; trials also indicate its suitability for heavy soils. However, problems have been reported with some combinations with apricot, so local testing is needed.

Application

transition zones between wet and dry areas;

complex soils;

mixed collections of stone fruits;

experimental forest gardens;

areas with carbonate soils.

Code:

A-Stone-04 — Krymsk 86.

4.5. Crimea 1

A shorter growing option for:

small areas;

compact plums;

demonstration gardens;

manual care zones.

Not recommended as a foundation for a remote forest garden without prior testing.

Code:

P-Plum-05 — Krymsk 1.

4.6. Lovell

Vigorous peach rootstock.

Suitable for

peach;

nectarine;

individual plums and almonds;

well-drained soils;

warm productive zones.

Restrictions

not suitable for heavy, waterlogged soils;

sensitivity to individual nematodes and peach premature death syndrome should be taken into account;

is not a universal solution for reclaimed land.

Code:

A-Peach-06 — Lovell.

4.7. With guards

A vigorous rootstock often used for peaches and nectarines in light soils. It is particularly known for its resistance to some root-knot nematodes, but is not suitable for all nematode complexes and should not be used without proper site evaluation. Specifically, it is not recommended for ring nematodes, which are associated with premature peach death.

Application

sandy and well-drained soils;

warm areas;

areas with confirmed type of nematode load.

Code:

A-Peach-07 — With guards.

4.8. GF 677

A hybrid of peach and almond, widely used in dry and carbonate conditions.

Suitable for

peach;

almonds;

nectarine;

dry mineral soils;

limestone areas;

Mediterranean zones of the project.

Restrictions

strong growth;

not suitable for waterlogged areas;

should not be used where roots are regularly deprived of oxygen;

Local pest and disease control is required.

Code:

A-Almond/Peach-08 — GF 677.

4.9. Cadaman

Vigorous rootstock for peach and nectarine.

Most appropriate for:

well-drained soils;

warm areas;

areas with sufficient root zone.

Test materials highlight its preference for well-drained conditions.

Code:

E-Peach-09 - Cadaman.

5. Cherries and sweet cherries

5.1. Prunus avium – wild cherry seedling

Advantages

strong growth;

durability;

deep soil development;

formation of a large tree;

suitability for forest gardens and forest edges;

high ecological value of flowering tree.

Application

long-lived cherries;

tall-standard forms;

nature-forming fruit edges;

hereditary varieties.

Code:

L-Cherry-01 — Prunus avium seedling.

5.2. Mazzard

Seed or selected rootstock based on wild cherry.

Suitable for

large, long-lived trees;

deep, well-drained soils;

low maintenance areas;

traditional gardens.

Code:

L-Cherry-02 — Mazzard.

5.3. Mahaleb — Prunus mahaleb

Advantages

dry suitable;

carbonate;

rocky;

well-drained soils.

Application

sunny slopes;

dry forest-steppe areas;

calcareous earths;

some cherries and sour cherries.

Restrictions

does not tolerate over-watering well;

Compatibility depends on the variety;

not suitable for heavy, wet soils.

Code:

A-Cherry-03 — Mahaleb.

5.4. Colt

Medium-sized rootstock for more manageable cherries.

Application

farm forest gardens;

community gardens;

areas with manual collection;

collection zones.

Code:

P-Cherry-04 — Colt.

5.5. Gisela 5 and Gisela 6

Used for compact and early fruiting trees.

Suitable for

intensive zones;

nurseries;

affordable collection;

small spaces;

variety testing.

Restrictions

require good fertility and load management;

should not become the main system of a remote forest garden;

need to check the fixing and water supply.

Code:

P-Cherry-05 — Gisela 5

P-Cherry-06 — Gisela 6

6. Apricot

The following are especially important for apricot:

resistance to waterlogging;

winter hardiness;

compatibility;

root collar protection;

adaptation to local soil.

Priority options

Apricot seedling

For:

dry;

well drained;

warm areas;

long-lived trees.

Myrobalan

For:

heavier soils;

areas where pure apricot rootstock is too sensitive;

testing of stable combinations.

St. Julien A

For:

moderate growth;

more manageable trees;

individual European varieties.

Crimea 86

Promising, but each combination with apricot must be tested separately due to possible incompatibility.

7. Walnut

7.1. Juglans regia - seedlings of cultivated or local walnut

The main candidate for the European part of the project.

Advantages

compatibility with walnut varieties;

adaptation to the European climate;

durability;

strong root system;

possibility of local selection.

Application

ancestral walnut groves;

forest garden cores;

seed zones;

large productive trees.

Code:

L-Walnut-01 — Juglans regia seedling.

7.2. Paradox

Paradox hybrid rootstocks can provide vigorous growth and high productivity, but for the DREVO project they should only be used after verification:

resistance to local soil diseases;

winter hardiness;

compatibility;

durability;

water requirements.

Purpose

test plantations;

productive zones;

comparative studies.

Code:

E-Walnut-02 — Paradox hybrid.

For the heritage trees of Central Europe, it is a priority to preserve diverse local Juglans regia seedlings.

8. Hazelnut

8.1. Own-rooted Corylus avellana

For most natural forest gardens, it is advisable to grow hazelnuts on their own roots.

Advantages

the bush is capable of renewing itself from the base;

damaged trunks are replaced with new ones;

high durability of the entire curtain;

simple vegetative propagation;

good integration into the undergrowth.

The disadvantage is the formation of shoots and the need for periodic adjustment.

8.2. Corylus colurna – tree hazel

One of the most interesting rootstocks for standard hazelnuts.

The use of Corylus colurna allows for the development of a tree-like form with a deep root system and significantly reduces the formation of suckers; compatibility with cultivated hazelnut is one of the main areas of development for such rootstocks.

Application

standard hazelnut;

productive alleys;

mechanized harvesting;

dry areas;

collectible trees.

Restrictions

grafting hazelnuts is more difficult than apple trees;

experience and control of fusion are required;

Compatibility testing of a specific variety is required.

Code:

A-Hazelnut-01 — Corylus colurna.

9. Chestnut

For the European edible chestnut, the main rootstock is a seedlingCastanea sativaor a compatible chestnut hybrid.

Advantages of seed rootstocks

strong root system;

durability;

genetic diversity;

good base for large trees;

the possibility of selecting stable local forms.

Basic conditions

Chestnut needs:

well-drained soil;

absence of prolonged stagnation of water;

usually acidic or slightly acidic reaction;

protection against dangerous root and bark diseases;

precise compatibility of rootstock and scion.

Grafting remains one of the main methods for accurately preserving valuable chestnut varieties, since seed offspring do not completely replicate the variety.

Code:

L-Chestnut-01 — Castanea sativa seedling.

The use of oak as a rootstock for chestnut should not be included in the design standard: individual experiments exist, but such combinations cannot be considered a reliable general practice.

10. Grapes

Grape rootstocks are selected primarily based on:

drought;

notify;

salinization;

growth force;

soil type;

nematodes;

availability of water.

10.1. 110 Richter

Suitable for:

dry conditions;

deep, well-drained soils;

vigorous grape systems;

Mediterranean areas.

Code:

A-Grape-01 — 110R.

10.2. 1103 Paulsen

A valuable option for:

droughts;

warm areas;

relatively high salinity;

vigorous vines.

Code:

A-Grape-02 — 1103P.

10.3. 140 Ruggeri

One of the candidates for the driest and most calcareous areas.

UC Agriculture and Natural Resources lists 140 Ruggeri as an example of a vigorous, deep-rooting, drought-tolerant rootstock.

Limitation

In fertile areas it can create excessive growth force.

Code:

A-Grape-03 — 140 Ruggeri.

10.4. Ramsey / Salt Creek

A very vigorous growing option for:

droughts;

brackish conditions;

complex nematode areas;

hot climate.

It is also cited as an example of a drought-resistant rootstock with vigorous root development.

Code:

E-Grape-04 — Ramsey.

10.5. 5BB Kober and SO4

Suitable for moderate European climates and areas with sufficient moisture.

Usage

Central Europe;

Switzerland;

cooler grape growing areas;

moderately calcareous soils;

medium to strong growth.

However, the choice between them should be made after analyzing the active lime, drainage and growth vigor of the variety.

Code:

A-Grape-05 — 5BB

A-Grape-06 — SO4

11. Persimmon

Diospyros lotus

A good candidate for moderate European conditions.

Advantages

comparative cold resistance;

Compatible with many varieties of Diospyros kaki;

the ability to form a stable tree;

suitability for testing in Switzerland and Central Europe.

Code:

A-Persimmon-01 — Diospyros lotus.

Diospyros virginiana

Suitable for colder conditions and can be used in experimental areas.

Code:

E-Persimmon-02 — Diospyros virginiana.

Compatibility with specific persimmon varieties and the effect on shoot formation should be tested separately.

12. Quince, medlar and rowan

Quince

Main options:

own quince seedlings;

BA29;

Quince A;

local resistant forms.

For long-lived trees, stronger rootstocks are preferred, while dwarf clones are used in productive areas.

Medlar

Can be grown:

on own seedlings;

on hawthorn;

of quince;

on some pear rootstocks.

Each combination requires a durability test.

Rowan

Valuable varieties of rowan are usually best preserved:

on seedlings of Sorbus aucuparia;

on related species of the genus Sorbus.

Experimental intergeneric combinations should not be used as the basis for a long-term system without long-term testing.

13. Recommended core of the DREVO rootstock bank

Durable core

apple tree - Antonovka and Bittenfelder;

pear — Pyrus communis and OHxF 97;

plum — Myrobalan;

cherry - Prunus avium or Mazzard;

walnut - Juglans regia;

chestnut - Castanea sativa;

hazelnut - own-rooted Corylus avellana;

Persimmon - Diospyros lotus.

Adaptive kernel

apple tree - MM.111 and B.118;

pear — OHxF 87;

stone fruits - Krymsk 86 and St. Julien A;

peach and almond - GF 677 for dry calcareous soils;

cherry - Mahaleb for dry slopes;

hazelnut — Corylus colurna;

grapevine — 110R, 1103P, 5BB and SO4.

Compact productive core

apple tree - M.7, M.26, limited M.9;

pear - BA29;

plum — Krymsk 1;

cherry — Colt, Gisela 5 and Gisela 6.

Experimental core

Geneva G.890 and G.969;

Paradox for walnut;

new resistant rootstocks of stone fruits;

local seedlings of the best trees;

combinations with intermediate inserts;

rootstocks selected directly from restored areas.

14. The best rootstock for different conditions

15. Test system

No single rootstock can be immediately declared the main one for the entire territory.

For each fruit species a test block is created:

3-5 types of rootstocks;

several varieties of scions;

at least several repetitions of each combination;

different soil and water zones;

unified monitoring protocol.

Evaluated:

survival rate;

growth force;

root health;

consolidation;

need for watering;

frost resistance;

drought resistance;

beginning of fruiting;

productivity;

fruit quality;

formation of shoots;

compatibility;

diseases;

condition after 5, 10 and 16 years.

After 16 years, combinations receive the status:

recommended for mass use;

recommended only for certain areas;

experimental;

unsuitable.

16. The special role of local seedlings

In each project region, it is necessary to collect seeds from trees that have already proven resistance to:

local winters;

drought;

diseases;

poor soils;

by the wind;

temperature changes.

Local rootstocks are grown from these seeds.

They will not be genetically identical, but it is this diversity that allows:

carry out natural selection;

find new sustainable forms;

create a regional line;

reduce dependence on a single industrial clone.

The best specimens after 16 years are given the status of mother rootstocks and become the basis of a new local DREVO population.

17. What not to do

The following is not recommended within the project:

to plant the entire forest orchard on one rootstock;

use only dwarf trees;

select rootstocks exclusively based on early harvest;

planting rootstock without analyzing drainage;

transfer recommendations from a hot climate to Switzerland without testing;

use untested material from an unknown nursery;

mix infected and clean mother plants;

consider successful fusion in the first year as proof of longevity;

distribute one combination until the 16-year assessment is completed;

replace seed diversity with clonal material only.

18. Final recommendation for the project

For a sustainable DREVO forest garden, a three-tier system is optimal:

50–60% are long-lived trees

To:

local seedlings;

Antonovka;

Bittenfelder;

Pyrus communis;

OHxF 97;

Myrobalan;

Prunus avium;

Juglans regia;

Castanea sativa.

25–35% — adaptive medium-sized trees

To:

MM.111;

B.118;

OHxF 87;

Krymsk 86;

St. Julien A;

Mahaleb;

GF 677;

Corylus colurna.

10–20% – compact and experimental trees

To:

M.9;

M.26;

BA29;

Gisela;

Krymsk 1;

Geneva;

new regional rootstocks.

The ratio is adjusted for each site after analyzing the soil, climate and water regime.

19. The main principle

Seed rootstock creates longevity and diversity. An adaptive rootstock helps a tree to master a difficult location. Clonal rootstock provides predictability. Dwarf rootstock makes care easier. Local rootstock connects the forest garden with the region. A bank of different rootstocks protects the entire ecosystem from a single point of failure.

For the DREVO project, it is not a single rootstock that is considered best, buta diverse, documented and continually tested rootstock system, capable of developing together with the soil, climate and ecosystem for 150–300 years.

The largest catalog of grafted trees and shrubs DREVO

Compatibility designations

1. Pome fruit crops

Pome fruits belong primarily to the apple tribe of the Rosaceae family. Compatibility within individual genera is generally high, but variable between genera.

Apple and pear trees are widely grown as grafted trees, and the rootstock determines the tree's vigor and size. Quince can also be propagated by grafting.

2. Stone fruits of the genus Prunus

The genus Prunus includes plum, cherry plum, blackthorn, cherry, sweet cherry, peach, almond, and apricot. Many combinations within the genus are possible, but the compatibility of a given pair can vary greatly.

Plums, greengages, cherries and sweet cherries are usually sold grafted onto appropriate rootstocks.

3. Nut trees and shrubs

4. Citrus and related crops

Citrus fruits represent one of the most developed systems of industrial grafting.

5. Subtropical and tropical fruit trees

6. Berry and fruit bushes

Not all berry bushes are suitable for grafting. Many are easier to propagate by cuttings or layering, but standard planting and special combinations are possible.

7. Grape and other woody vines

8. Ornamental deciduous trees

Witch hazels are often commercially grafted ontoHamamelis virginiana.

9. Ornamental shrubs

10. Roses

Roses are one of the main groups of plants for which budding is widely used.

Budding is particularly suitable for trees and plants of the Rosaceae family; T-budding is widely used for roses and trees.

11. Coniferous trees and shrubs

Grafting of conifers is especially important for propagating weeping, dwarf, colored, slow-growing and cone-bearing varieties.

12. Palms, cycads and tree-like monocots

True palms are almost never grafted: they lack the normal vascular cambium necessary for the standard fusion of rootstock and scion.

13. Important compatibility limitations

The most reliable combinations

A variety on a rootstock of the same species.

A variety on a different rootstock of the same genus.

Related species with confirmed nursery practice.

Intergeneric combinations only after long-term trials.

Possible signs of incompatibility

weak callus;

swelling of the joint;

difference in thickness between rootstock and scion;

early yellowing of leaves;

growth retardation;

breakage at the grafting site;

gradual dying out after several years;

disruption of the movement of water and nutrients.

Graft incompatibility can manifest itself as excessive tissue growth and a fracture exactly at the junction.

14. DREVO directory structure

For the project, each combination should be stored in a digital database:

15. Main groups for the practical project catalog

For the first stage of DREVO the following are especially important:

Malus- apple trees.

Pyrus- pears.

Prunus- plums, cherries, apricots, peaches, almonds.

Sorbus–Crataegus–Amelanchier–Aronia–Cydonia— mountain ash, hawthorn, irga, chokeberry and quince.

Juglans and Carya— walnuts and pecans.

Castanea и Corylus- chestnut and hazelnut.

Vitis— grapes.

Diospyros— persimmon.

Horn— red.

Ribs- standard currants and gooseberries.

Rosa- fruit and ornamental roses.

Citrus- citrus fruits.

Maple, Beech, Oak, Ash, Elm, Lime- ornamental deciduous trees.

Pine, Spruce, Fir, Larch, Cedar, Juniper, Yew- conifers.

Rhododendron, Camellia, Hamamelis, Syringa, Hydrangea- ornamental shrubs.

The main principle

It is possible to graft significantly more woody plants than just fruit trees.

The vaccine is applicable for:

preservation of the variety;

creation of a standard form;

growing weeping crowns;

propagation of dwarf forms;

connection of a productive scion with a stable rootstock;

preservation of rare trees;

adaptations to soils;

size adjustment;

acceleration of fruiting;

creation of collectible multi-varietal plants.

But maximum biological potential does not mean maximum practical reliability.

The following rule applies to the project:

intraspecific grafting - standard; interspecific - after verification; intergeneric - only as a documented experiment; mass distribution - after many years of evaluation and certification.

"Cedar" pines, true cedars and other coniferous groups

1. General classification

The main difference:

2. "Cedar" pines with edible seeds

Pine nuts are botanically the seeds of pines of the genusPinusAccording to the U.S. Forest Service, approximately 20 species of pine trees have seeds large enough to be worth collecting.

Siberian cedar pine is used as a source of edible seeds, wood, and resin. Korean cedar pine is also valued for both its nuts and wood; seed farms have been established in Korea using grafted clones and seedlings from selected trees.

3. Other nut-bearing pines

They are not always called "cedars," but they produce edible pine nuts.

FAO classifies seedsPine tree, P. gerardiana, P. koraiensis And P. cembrato important non-timber forest food products.

4. Comparison of the main nut-bearing pines

Edible pineIt is characterized as a long-lived and drought-resistant pine with large edible seeds.Pinus monophyllaIt also produces edible seeds and grows on dry mountain slopes.

5. True cedars of the genus Cedrus

The main functions of true cedars

6. Comparison of cedar pines and true cedars

7. Other conifers called "cedars"

False and commercial "cedars"

8. Grouping by main products

9. Grouping by climate

10. Possibility of vaccination by groups

11. DREVO priority by functions

12. Recommended structure of the DREVO collection

13. Brief summary matrix

Designations:

The main conclusion

"Cedar" pines are primarily food and forage conifers that can also produce valuable timber. True cedars are primarily long-lived forest and timber species. Other plants called cedars should be classified according to their true botanical genus and not lumped together in a single breeding or grafting program.