Groups and variety of trees suitable for grafting

1. Main fruit groups

Group	Main crops	Possible rootstocks	Grafted forms	Peculiarities
Pome fruits	Apple	Seed apple tree, wild apple tree, clonal rootstocks	Cultivated, old, local and ornamental varieties	One of the most reliable groups for vaccination
Pome fruits	Pear	Seed pear, wild pear, some forms of quince	European, Asian and local varieties	Compatibility with quince depends on the specific variety
Pome fruits	Quince	Quince seedlings, clonal rootstocks	Fruit and ornamental varieties of quince	Can be used as a rootstock for some pears.
Stone fruits	Plum	Plum, cherry plum, blackthorn, special clonal rootstocks	Domestic plum, greengage, mirabelle, cherry plum	Wide range of compatible shapes
Stone fruits	Cherry	Cherry, antipka, special rootstocks	Cherry, certain varieties of sweet cherry	Not all combinations are equally durable.
Stone fruits	Merry	Sweet cherry, cherry, clonal rootstocks	Cherry varieties and individual cherry varieties	It is important to consider the growth force
Stone fruits	Apricot	Apricot, cherry plum, individual plums, peach	Apricot varieties	Compatibility depends heavily on climate and rootstock.
Stone fruits	Peach	Peach, almond, individual plums	Peaches and nectarines	The rootstock is selected based on soil and moisture content.
Stone fruits	Almond	Almonds, peaches, individual plums	Sweet and decorative almonds	Suitable for dry and warm areas
Nutty	Walnut	Walnut seedlings, special walnut rootstocks	Various varietal forms	Grafting is more difficult than with apple or plum trees.
Nutty	Pecan	Pecan seedlings, some types of hickory	Pecan varieties	Promising for warm forest gardens
Nutty	Chestnut	European, Chinese, Japanese chestnut	Fruit varieties	Requires compatibility and stability testing
Citrus	Lemon, orange, tangerine, lime, grapefruit, pomelo	Poncirus, sour orange, lemon and mandarin rootstocks	Almost all cultivated citrus fruits	Well suited for multi-variety trees
Subtropical	Persimmon	Caucasian, American and Oriental persimmon	Varieties of oriental persimmon	The rootstock is selected based on frost resistance
Subtropical	Fig	Own-rooted seedlings and forms of figs	Different varieties of figs	Grafting is possible, but cuttings are more commonly used.
Subtropical	Mulberry	White, red, and some forms of black mulberry	Fruit and ornamental varieties	Not all interspecific combinations are stable
Rare fruits	Azimina	Pawpaw seedlings	Fruit varieties	Requires compatibility within a species
Rare fruits	Medlar	Medlar, some hawthorns, quince	Fruit varieties	Suitable for collection forest gardens
Rare fruits	Puddle	Loquat seedlings, sometimes quince	Loquat fruit varieties	Better for mild climates

2. Trees and shrubs of the Rosaceae family

Genus or culture	Possible scions	Possible rootstocks	Potential applications
Apple	Different varieties of apple trees	Apple tree, wild apple tree	Varietal garden, forest garden, gene bank
Pear	Different varieties of pears	Pear, quince	Fruit zone, collection of varieties
Quince	Quince variety	Quince	Fruit and ornamental zone
Rowan	Rowan varieties, some related species	Common rowan	Forest garden, decorative and fodder zone
Hawthorn	Hawthorn varieties, individual related fruit species	Hawthorn	Hedges, protective zones
Aronia	Aronia varieties	Aronia, sometimes rowan	Food and healing zone
Irga	Sorta maybe	Irga, some related species	Forest garden, protective planting
Medlar	Varieties of medlar	Medlar, hawthorn, quince	Collection and fruit zone
Plum	Plum, cherry plum, mirabelle, renclod	Plum, apple, thorn	Main stone fruit group
Apricot	Apricot varieties	Apricot, cherry plum, plum	Dry and sunny areas
Peach	Peach, nectarine	Peach, almond, individual plums	Warm fruiting zones
Cherry	Sour cherry varieties	Cherry, antipka	Fruit and protective plantings
Merry	Cherry varieties	Sweet cherry, special rootstocks	Highly productive zones

3. Main groups by degree of compatibility

Compatibility level	Characteristic	Examples
High	The rootstock and scion belong to the same species	An apple tree on an apple tree, a pear on a pear tree, a plum on a plum tree
Good	The plants belong to closely related species of the same genus.	Plum on cherry plum, peach on almond
Conditional	The combination is possible only for some varieties	Pear on quince, apricot on plum
Experimental	The result depends on the variety, climate and technology	Interspecific grafting of mulberry, chestnut, and walnut
Low	Short-term fusion is possible, but longevity is short.	Distant species within the same family
Almost absent	The plants are genetically too distant	Apple tree on oak, walnut on maple, pine on apple tree

4. Nature-forming deciduous trees

Tree	Possibility of vaccination	What is usually vaccinated?	Main purpose
Oak	Limited	Rare forms, decorative and valuable genotypes	Genetic bank, scientific collection
Beech	Possible	Decorative forms and rare varieties	Park and collection plantings
Maple	It is well used within the genus	Decorative, weeping, colorful forms	Landscape, arboretum
Linden	Possible	Decorative and rare forms	Parks, alleys, collections
Ash tree	Limited	Ornamental and selective forms	Scientific and landscape areas
Elm	Possible	Stable and decorative forms	Restoration of urban and forest areas
Birch	Limited	Weeping and decorative forms	Landscape collections
Iva	Widely used	Weeping, spherical and decorative forms	Shores, wetlands, landscape
Poplar	Applies	Decorative and productive clones	Fast-growing and protective plantings

5. Coniferous trees

Group	Grafted forms	Possible rootstocks	Application
Pine trees	Cedar, dwarf, ornamental and selective forms	Related species of pine	Genetic bank, collections, seed plantations
They ate	Blue, weeping, dwarf forms	Compatible spruce species	Parks and decorative areas
Fir trees	Rare and decorative forms	Related species of fir	Collection plantings
Larch trees	Ornamental and breeding lines	Compatible larch trees	Forest experiments and landscape
Junipers	Creeping, weeping and standard forms	Compatible junipers	Protective and decorative zones
Cypresses and cypress trees	Decorative forms	Compatible species	Warm climate zones
You	Varietal decorative forms	Thuja seedlings	Hedges and nurseries

6. Multi-varietal trees

Basic tree	What can be placed on one tree?	Advantages	Restrictions
Apple	Several varieties of apples	Different ripening times, space saving	Varieties may have different growth strengths.
Pear	Several varieties of pears	Improving pollination, preserving varieties	Compatibility control is required
Plum	Plum, cherry plum, mirabelle, individual greengages	A wide variety of fruits	Some branches may be dominant
Cherry	Several varieties of cherries	Extended harvest period	Not all varieties are compatible in growth.
Merry	Several varieties of cherries	Best cross-pollination	A strong tree skeleton is required
Citrus tree	Lemon, orange, tangerine, lime	High diversity in a small area	Different growth strength and frost resistance
Mulberry	Several varieties of mulberry	Different fruits and ripening times	Interspecies compatibility control is needed
Chestnut	Several varieties of chestnut	Preserving the collection and improving pollination	Difficulty of crown formation
Walnut	Several varieties of the same species	Gene bank	A more complex grafting technique

7. Functional groups in the DREVO ecosystem

Functional group	Examples	Vaccination uptake rate	The main task
Nature-forming trees	Oak, beech, linden, maple, ash, pine	Limited	Formation of a sustainable natural basis
Fruit trees	Apple, pear, plum, cherry, apricot	High	Food production and conservation of varieties
Nut-bearing plants	Nut, chestnut, pecan, almond	Medium and high	Sustainable food production
Decorative	Maple, willow, beech, conifers	High	Landscape, arboretum, education
Rare and endangered	Local varieties and forms	High	Genetic preservation
Experimental	New interspecies combinations	Controlled	Adaptation research
Mother trees	Proven varieties	High	Obtaining grafting material
Multi-varietal trees	Apple, pear, plum, citrus	High	Collection and display of diversity
Remediation trees	Willow, poplar, some non-food forms	Limited	Restoration of contaminated areas
Seed trees	Oak, walnut, chestnut, wild apple	Short	Preservation of genetic diversity

8. Rootstock groups by growth strength

Rootstock type	Characteristic	Advantages	Restrictions	Application
Dwarf	Forms a small tree	Early fruiting, easy to harvest	Requires support, watering and care	Intensive areas
Semi-dwarf	Average tree height	Balance of yield and sustainability	May require support	Fruit forest orchards
Medium height	Natural medium size	Stability and ease of maintenance	Late fruiting	Main productive zones
Vigorous	Forms a large tree	Longevity and deep roots	Large area, difficult collection	Extensive forest suckers
Seminal	Genetically diverse	Adaptation and durability	Uneven growth of trees	Natural forest gardens
Clonal	Same properties	Projected growth	Lower genetic diversity	Nurseries and intensive zones
Local wild	Adapted to the territory	Climate resistance	Compatibility check required	Regional programs

9. Groups of rootstocks by ecological function

Code WOOD	Purpose of rootstock	Required properties
D-W	Wet areas	Tolerance to waterlogging and poor drainage
D-D	Arid regions	Deep root system and economical water consumption
D-S	Saline soils	Increased salt tolerance
D-R	Regolith and poor soils	Ability to develop low-fertility substrate
D-A	Andosols	Adaptation to volcanic soils and their acidity
D-L	Long-lived trees	Strong growth, resilience and a lifespan of over 100 years
D-F	Lesotho	Balance of productivity, sustainability and moderate care
D-C	Urban conditions	Resistant to compaction, heat and contamination
D-M	Mountain slopes	Strong anchorage and erosion resistance
D-B	Biodiversity	Compatibility with local flora, fungi and animals
D-FR	Frost-resistant zones	Resistance of roots and trunks to low temperatures
D-H	Hot climate	Resistance to overheating and sunburn

10. Possible directions of the DREVO gene bank

Collection	What is saved	Saving method
Old apple varieties	Historical and local varieties	Grafting on multiple rootstocks
Old varieties of pear	Regional and rare forms	Mother trees and reserve grafts
Plums and cherry plums	Mirabelle, greengages, local plums	Multi-varietal and individual trees
Walnuts	Valuable forms of walnut and chestnut	Grafted mother trees
Rare fruits	Medlar, pawpaw, persimmon, mulberry	Collection zones
Ornamental trees	Rare forms of maple, beech and conifers	Grafted dendrological collections
Resistant rootstocks	Drought-, frost- and salt-resistant lines	Separate rootstock nursery
Local wild plants	Regional genetic forms	Seed and vegetative bank
Climate varieties	Shapes for future warming or cooling	Test sites
Long-lived trees	Genotypes with high viability	Scions, seeds and a digital passport

11. Brief compatibility matrix

Designations:

+++- usually good compatibility;

++- possible with proper selection;

+- experimental or limited;

−— not usually used.

Scion / Rootstock	Apple	Pear	Quince	Plum	Cherry	Cherry	Peach	Almond
Apple	+++	−	−	−	−	−	−	−
Pear	−	+++	++	−	−	−	−	−
Quince	−	+	+++	−	−	−	−	−
Plum	−	−	−	+++	+++	+	++	+
Cherry	−	−	−	+++	+++	+	++	+
Apricot	−	−	−	++	++	−	++	++
Peach	−	−	−	+	++	−	+++	+++
Almond	−	−	−	+	+	−	+++	+++
Cherry	−	−	−	+	+	+++	−	−
Merry	−	−	−	−	+	++	−	−

The matrix is indicative. Actual compatibility depends on the specific variety, rootstock, climate, soil conditions, and the quality of the graft.

Final classification

For the DREVO system, all grafted trees can be grouped into five main areas:

Direction	Main groups
Food	Apple, pear, plum, cherry, walnut, chestnut, persimmon
Nature-forming	Oak, linden, beech, maple, ash, conifers
Genetic	Old varieties, rare forms, mother trees
Experimental	New rootstocks, interspecific combinations, climate adaptation
Landscape	Ornamental maples, willows, beeches, spruces, pines and junipers

The main principle of the project:

Grafting should be used not for the sake of the maximum number of combinations, but for the sake of stability, longevity, preservation of genetic diversity and adaptation of the tree to a specific natural zone.